Named after Swiss ophthalmologist Johann Friedrich Horner (1831–1886), Horner syndrome is not a separate disease, but rather a complex of various symptoms affecting the eyes of dogs and cats, all of which are caused by damage to the sympathetic nerve.
The sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves form the autonomic nervous system, which performs many different functions in the body that we do not consciously control, such as the heartbeat and bowel movements. Sympathetic and parasympathetic nerve fibers run throughout the entire body.
The muscles of the eye are also partly supplied by the sympathetic nervous system. Injuries to the cervical or thoracic spine (e.g., pulling on a collar), tumors in the brain or chest area, spinal cord infections, or an underactive thyroid gland can cause damage to the fibers of the sympathetic nerve as it travels to the eye. In cats, chronic middle ear disease is often the trigger for Horner's syndrome. In many cases, however, the exact cause cannot be determined.
Golden retrievers in particular are prone to idiopathic (i.e., without known cause) Horner syndrome.
The combination of the following symptoms is characteristic of Horner syndrome:
The veterinarian can usually make a diagnosis based on the typical appearance. However, in order to treat the disease successfully, it is important to find out which area of the nerve has been damaged. It is advisable to consult a veterinarian who specializes in ophthalmology. In addition to a general examination, they will always perform a special eye and ear examination, especially in cats. If symptoms have been present for at least a week, they can determine the approximate location of the damage using a pharmacological test (special eye drops).
Furthermore, imaging techniques can be used to locate the lesion more precisely. The most suitable methods for this are X-rays, computed tomography, or magnetic resonance imaging. Depending on the case, an examination of the spinal fluid and a blood test may also be useful.
The type of treatment depends greatly on the underlying cause. If no cause can be found, only symptomatic treatment is possible. Special medications can be used to try to strengthen the residual impulses still present in the nerves. Anti-inflammatory drugs, local heat application, and vitamin supplements are also used.
In idiopathic Horner syndrome, spontaneous healing often occurs without treatment after four to five weeks or months. If the cause of the symptoms lies in the brain, tumors are usually the cause, which are difficult or impossible to treat.
Idiopathic Horner syndrome has a good prognosis due to its high rate of spontaneous healing. The prognosis for all other forms depends on the underlying cause and can therefore vary greatly.
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